{"id":1998,"date":"2026-10-22T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-10-22T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prennox.com\/?p=1998"},"modified":"2026-10-16T03:56:18","modified_gmt":"2026-10-16T03:56:18","slug":"mo-rong-bien-ap-kin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prennox.com\/vi\/hermetic-transformer-expansion\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p k\u00edn: \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a xe t\u0103ng"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><h2>Table of Contents<\/h2><nav><ul><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#section-1\">Hermetic Transformer Expansion: The Decision to Resolve<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#section-2\">Utility Voltage System and the Adjacent Interface<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#section-3\">Material and Functional Evidence<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#section-4\">Comparing the Available Supply Approaches<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#section-5\">Inspection in the Delivered Condition<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#section-6\">A Worked Example and Its Limits<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#section-7\">Changes, Exceptions and Release Decisions<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#section-8\">Preparing a Technical Inquiry<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#section-9\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A product can meet its own data sheet and still be unsuitable for a particular assembly. For the specified hermetic oil transformer, the interaction between utility voltage system and bushing and cable termination determines how the item performs in use. The hermetic transformer expansion decision therefore begins with the installation or manufacturing conditions that the customer can actually define.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A hermetically sealed oil-immersed distribution transformer combines a magnetic core, insulated windings and liquid cooling in a sealed tank. The electrical duty and the tank\u2019s liquid-volume accommodation must be specified together. This article concentrates on hermetic transformer expansion, with practical checks for engineering, purchasing and incoming inspection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"section-1\">Hermetic Transformer Expansion: The Decision to Resolve<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Describe the real operating or assembly environment for hermetic transformer expansion. Identify the adjacent part, access route, expected processing and any relevant ambient or electrical condition. Translate those facts into controlled requirements for rated voltage and capacity and guaranteed no-load and load losses. Do not expect the supplier to infer a missing design input from the industry name or the nominal transformer rating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For hermetic transformer expansion, hermetic describes the sealing arrangement. It does not eliminate the need for a defined temperature range, liquid-volume accommodation and the specified pressure-related protection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When evaluating hermetic transformer expansion, remember that the bushing and termination layout must match cable approach, clearances and site access. Electrical rating alone does not establish that existing cables can be connected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/prennox.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/hermetically-sealed-transformer-01.jpg\" alt=\"Hermetically sealed oil-immersed transformer with a corrugated tank\" class=\"wp-image-1484\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prennox.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/hermetically-sealed-transformer-01.jpg 800w, https:\/\/prennox.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/hermetically-sealed-transformer-01-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/prennox.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/hermetically-sealed-transformer-01-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/prennox.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/hermetically-sealed-transformer-01-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prennox.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/hermetically-sealed-transformer-01-600x600.jpg 600w, https:\/\/prennox.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/hermetically-sealed-transformer-01-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"section-2\">Utility Voltage System and the Adjacent Interface<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The hermetic transformer expansion requirement sits between utility voltage system and bushing and cable termination. Put both sides of that relationship in the review package. The supplier needs the current mating-part information, while the buyer needs the actual delivered condition. A requirement that is measured before active-part and tank manufacture may not describe the state that reaches final assembly. Confirm the point at which the interface is accepted and who owns any operation after it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a hermetic transformer expansion review, the site protection scheme should identify alarms, trips and monitoring connections. Accessory availability on a product page is not confirmation of the exact supplied configuration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For hermetic transformer expansion, distinguish the physical feature from the property being evaluated. Rated voltage and capacity is one part of the evidence; it should be read with guaranteed no-load and load losses and the approved product configuration. If a receiving check cannot reproduce the supplier\u2019s measurement condition, resolve the method before shipment. That is preferable to discovering at receipt that both parties have valid measurements of different states.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"section-3\">Material and Functional Evidence<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Check the interfaces in their installed state. The position of corrugated tank can affect access, processing or inspection even when it is not the headline item on the order. For hermetic transformer expansion, review the assembly sequence and the final layout together. A component that fits once the assembly is complete may still be impossible to install without damaging a neighboring part.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One constraint on hermetic transformer expansion is that reference product ranges are screening information. Final electrical values, losses, accessories and compliance evidence belong in the signed technical schedule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For hermetic transformer expansion, off-circuit tapping is operated under the specified isolated condition. It should not be confused with on-load voltage regulation when reviewing an operating requirement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The recurring risk in this part of the hermetic transformer expansion review is assuming capacity defines the full electrical duty. Ask which design input or manufacturing step controls it and which result would show that control has been effective. Keep the answer specific to hermetic oil transformer. A generic statement about quality management does not identify the material condition, fixture or production-stage evidence needed for this particular interface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"section-4\">Comparing the Available Supply Approaches<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A representative application trial should include the relevant surrounding parts and process. For hermetic transformer expansion, use the actual orientation, mounting or winding route where practical and record any differences from production. A free-standing sample demonstrates less about an enclosed or restrained assembly; identify that limitation when deciding how far the trial result can be generalized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Approach<\/th><th>What must be confirmed<\/th><th>What it does not establish<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Hermetic Corrugated-Tank Arrangement<\/td><td>Approved interfaces, delivered state and required evidence<\/td><td>Automatic equivalence to another configuration<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Conservator Arrangement Where Designed<\/td><td>Any changed design or qualification work<\/td><td>An improvement in every operating condition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Oil-Immersed Technology<\/td><td>Tasks retained by the buyer and final inspection scope<\/td><td>A complete installed-performance guarantee<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dry-Type Technology For A Suitable Installation<\/td><td>Packing, assembly and acceptance responsibilities<\/td><td>The same total cost as a different supply boundary<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Use the table to align the supply boundary for hermetic transformer expansion, then ask suppliers to state deviations explicitly. The alternatives shown are review routes, not a claim that every route is available for every Prennox product. Confirm the actual offered configuration and the customer\u2019s assembly capability before assigning a preference. If an alternative changes corrugated tank, carry that difference into the drawing and acceptance schedule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"section-5\">Inspection in the Delivered Condition<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When evaluating hermetic transformer expansion, remember that tank corrugations and any expansion provisions must remain free to perform their designed function. External restraints or damaged panels need review before energization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a hermetic transformer expansion review, installation conditions include ambient temperature, altitude and the surrounding fire and environmental provisions. The project designer should translate these into the approved transformer specification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/prennox.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/hermetically-sealed-transformer-02.jpg\" alt=\"Oil-immersed distribution transformer with top bushings and corrugated walls\" class=\"wp-image-1485\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prennox.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/hermetically-sealed-transformer-02.jpg 800w, https:\/\/prennox.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/hermetically-sealed-transformer-02-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/prennox.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/hermetically-sealed-transformer-02-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/prennox.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/hermetically-sealed-transformer-02-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prennox.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/hermetically-sealed-transformer-02-600x600.jpg 600w, https:\/\/prennox.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/hermetically-sealed-transformer-02-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For hermetic transformer expansion, build the receiving record around item identity, requirement, method, condition, result and disposition. Add vector group and impedance where it addresses the identified risk. Preserve the as-received state when incompatible vector groups is suspected, especially if further cutting, winding or assembly would conceal the evidence. A photograph can support the record, but it should not replace the agreed functional inspection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"section-6\">A Worked Example and Its Limits<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Illustrative annual-loss screening: assume no-load loss of 0.12 kW, rated-current load loss of 1.10 kW, constant load fraction 0.5 and 8,760 energized hours. The simplified estimate is 8,760 \u00d7 (0.12 + 1.10 \u00d7 0.5\u00b2) = 3,460.2 kWh. Every input is hypothetical. For hermetic transformer expansion, use actual guaranteed losses and time-weighted loading for procurement; temperature, harmonics and the project evaluation method can require additional treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The calculation supports one limited part of hermetic transformer expansion. It does not close the review of bushing and cable termination, corrugated tank or the final transformer duty. Replace every teaching input with the approved project value before using the result in a purchasing decision. Where the underlying relationship is only a screening approximation, record that scope so a preliminary estimate is not later reused as a production acceptance limit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An application change can invalidate an earlier material or component approval. Review a different neighboring part, enclosure, process temperature or handling method against utility voltage system and protection and monitoring devices. The hermetic transformer expansion file should state which conditions were approved and which new conditions need evaluation. Reusing a previous purchase order is reasonable only when the technical basis still applies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"section-7\">Changes, Exceptions and Release Decisions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One constraint on hermetic transformer expansion is that rated capacity must be accompanied by primary and secondary voltages, frequency, vector group and impedance. Those values determine whether the unit fits the electrical system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A good application specification gives the supplier enough context to propose a compatible configuration and gives the buyer a way to verify it. For hermetic transformer expansion, close the critical interface, trial and operating assumptions before committing to a large batch. The approved transformer design remains the basis for performance; a component description is useful supporting information rather than a complete system calculation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If hermetic transformer expansion remains unresolved, define the next evidence needed instead of broadening the acceptance wording. That may be a revised interface drawing, a representative process trial, a grade-specific statement or a result at the agreed test condition. Identify the affected batch and prevent an unresolved assumption from being copied into a repeat order. Once the evidence is available, record the technical disposition and the effective revision for production and receipt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"section-8\">Preparing a Technical Inquiry<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A useful hermetic transformer expansion inquiry includes the exact product, quantity, approved drawing or grade, intended use and final supply state. Add requirements for rated voltage and capacity, vector group and impedance and the evidence that addresses unreviewed tank expansion limits. Define packing and destination information, and identify which assembly or processing stages remain with your plant. If an input is unknown, flag it as a question rather than presenting an invented value as an approved specification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For the product\u2019s stated supply scope, review <a href=\"https:\/\/prennox.com\/product\/hermetically-sealed-oil-immersed-distribution-transformer\/\">Hermetically Sealed Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer<\/a>. The related <a href=\"https:\/\/prennox.com\/dry-type-transformer-specifications-project-guide\/\">Dry Type Transformer Specifications for Project Procurement<\/a> provides broader context. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/cmei\/buildings\/distribution-transformers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Department of Energy distribution-transformer test resources<\/a> is an independent reference for the relevant technical subject. Its public overview does not certify this product or provide all project acceptance limits; identify the applicable specification and edition in the order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Send Prennox your drawing, application conditions and hermetic transformer expansion questions through the <a href=\"https:\/\/prennox.com\/contact\/\">technical inquiry page<\/a> or the form below. Request confirmation of the offered configuration, required evidence and any proposed deviations before placing the order. This gives both teams a clear basis for a comparable quotation and an inspectable delivery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"section-9\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-0-0\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What information starts a hermetic transformer expansion review?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Start with the approved hermetic oil transformer configuration, the relevant drawing revision and the condition being evaluated. Identify utility voltage system and rated voltage and capacity explicitly. Add the actual manufacturing or installation conditions so the supplier can distinguish confirmed requirements from assumptions.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-0-1\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can hermetic transformer expansion be approved from a photograph?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>A photograph can show shape, orientation or visible damage. It cannot establish the complete magnetic, dielectric, thermal or mechanical performance of hermetic oil transformer. Use the agreed dimensional record, material identity and functional evidence for the requirement being accepted.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-0-2\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Which record is most useful for hermetic transformer expansion?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The useful record connects the delivered item to the specific requirement. Include its batch or serial identity, drawing or grade revision, test or measurement condition and result. For this product, keep evidence concerning rated voltage and capacity visible alongside any source-material certificate.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-0-3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">When does a hermetic oil transformer change need a new trial?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Review a change when it affects utility voltage system, the supplied material, the processing route or the previous acceptance basis. The extent of requalification depends on the affected function. A matching product name or nominal dimension does not by itself close that review.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-0-4\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What should a quotation for hermetic transformer expansion include?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Ask for the exact configuration, quantity, supply boundary, approved dimensions or performance, required documents, packing and delivery destination. State any unresolved value as a technical query. Prennox can review the listed product and project requirements before confirming the actual offered scope.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class='fluentform ff-default fluentform_wrapper_3 ffs_default_wrap'><form data-form_id=\"3\" id=\"fluentform_3\" class=\"frm-fluent-form fluent_form_3 ff-el-form-top ff_form_instance_3_1 ff-form-loading ffs_default\" data-form_instance=\"ff_form_instance_3_1\" method=\"POST\" ><fieldset  style=\"border: none!important;margin: 0!important;padding: 0!important;background-color: transparent!important;box-shadow: none!important;outline: none!important; min-inline-size: 100%;\">\n                    <legend class=\"ff_screen_reader_title\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0!important;padding: 0!important;height: 0!important;text-indent: -999999px;width: 0!important;overflow:hidden;\">\u5b98\u7f51\u8be2\u76d8\u8868\u5355<\/legend>        <div\n                style=\"display: none!important; position: absolute!important; transform: 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>Colombia<\/option><option value='KM' >Comoros<\/option><option value='CR' >Costa Rica<\/option><option value='HR' >Croatia<\/option><option value='CU' >Cuba<\/option><option value='CW' >Cura\u00e7ao<\/option><option value='AE' >C\u00e1c Ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u1ea2 R\u1eadp Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t<\/option><option value='UM' >C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf l\u1ebb xa x\u00f4i c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 (M\u1ef9)<\/option><option value='CG' >C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Congo (Brazzaville)<\/option><option value='DO' >C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Dominica<\/option><option value='CD' >C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Congo (Kinshasa)<\/option><option value='CZ' >C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a S\u00e9c<\/option><option value='CF' >C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Trung Phi<\/option><option value='DJ' >Djibouti<\/option><option value='DM' >Dominica<\/option><option value='EC' >Ecuador<\/option><option value='SV' >El Salvador<\/option><option value='ER' >Eritrea<\/option><option value='EE' >Estonia<\/option><option value='SZ' >Eswatini<\/option><option value='ET' >Ethiopia<\/option><option value='FJ' >Fiji<\/option><option value='GA' >Gabon<\/option><option value='GM' >Gambia<\/option><option value='GE' >Georgia<\/option><option value='GH' >Ghana<\/option><option value='GI' >Gibraltar<\/option><option value='GL' >Greenland<\/option><option value='GD' >Grenada<\/option><option value='GP' >Guadeloupe<\/option><option value='GU' >Guam<\/option><option value='GT' >Guatemala<\/option><option value='GG' >Guernsey<\/option><option value='GN' >Guinea<\/option><option value='GQ' >Guinea X\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o<\/option><option value='GW' >Guinea-Bissau<\/option><option value='GY' >Guyana<\/option><option value='GF' >Guyane thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p<\/option><option value='HT' >Haiti<\/option><option value='US' >Hoa K\u1ef3 (M\u1ef9)<\/option><option value='HN' >Honduras<\/option><option value='HU' >Hungary<\/option><option value='GR' >Hy L\u1ea1p<\/option><option value='NL' >H\u00e0 Lan<\/option><option value='KR' >H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c<\/option><option value='HK' >H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng<\/option><option value='IS' >Iceland<\/option><option value='ID' >Indonesia<\/option><option value='IR' >Iran<\/option><option value='IQ' >Iraq<\/option><option value='IE' >Ireland<\/option><option value='IL' >Israel<\/option><option value='JM' >Jamaica<\/option><option value='JE' >Jersey<\/option><option value='JO' >Jordan<\/option><option value='KZ' >Kazakhstan<\/option><option value='KE' >Kenya<\/option><option value='KI' >Kiribati<\/option><option value='XK' >Kosovo<\/option><option value='KW' >Kuwait<\/option><option value='KG' >Kyrgyzstan<\/option><option value='LV' >Latvia<\/option><option value='LB' >Lebanon<\/option><option value='LS' >Lesotho<\/option><option value='LR' >Liberia<\/option><option value='LY' >Libya<\/option><option value='LI' >Liechtenstein<\/option><option value='LT' >Lithuania<\/option><option value='LU' >Luxembourg<\/option><option value='LA' >L\u00e0o<\/option><option value='PS' >L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Palestine<\/option><option value='TF' >L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ph\u00eda Nam c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p<\/option><option value='IO' >L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c Anh<\/option><option value='MO' >Ma Cao, Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/option><option value='MG' >Madagascar<\/option><option value='MW' >Malawi<\/option><option value='MY' >Malaysia<\/option><option value='MV' >Maldives<\/option><option value='ML' >Mali<\/option><option value='MT' >Malta<\/option><option value='MQ' >Martinique<\/option><option value='MR' >Mauritania<\/option><option value='MU' >Mauritius<\/option><option value='YT' >Mayotte<\/option><option value='MX' >Mexico<\/option><option value='FM' >Micronesia<\/option><option value='MD' >Moldova<\/option><option value='MC' >Monaco<\/option><option value='ME' >Montenegro<\/option><option value='MS' >Montserrat<\/option><option value='MA' >Morocco<\/option><option value='MZ' >Mozambique<\/option><option value='MM' >Myanmar<\/option><option value='MN' >M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5<\/option><option value='NO' >Na Uy<\/option><option value='AQ' >Nam C\u1ef1c<\/option><option value='GS' >Nam Georgia v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Nam Sandwich<\/option><option value='ZA' >Nam Phi<\/option><option value='SS' >Nam Sudan<\/option><option value='NA' >Namibia<\/option><option value='NR' >Nauru<\/option><option value='NP' >Nepal<\/option><option value='NC' >New Caledonia<\/option><option value='NZ' >New Zealand<\/option><option value='RU' >Nga<\/option><option value='JP' >Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/option><option value='NI' >Nicaragua<\/option><option value='NE' >Niger<\/option><option value='NG' >Nigeria<\/option><option value='NU' >Niue<\/option><option value='OM' >Oman<\/option><option value='PK' >Pakistan<\/option><option value='PW' >Palau<\/option><option value='PA' >Panama<\/option><option value='PG' >Papua New Guinea<\/option><option value='PY' >Paraguay<\/option><option value='PE' >Peru<\/option><option value='PH' 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value='VG' >Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Virgin thu\u1ed9c Anh<\/option><option value='VI' >Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Virgin thu\u1ed9c Hoa K\u1ef3 (M\u1ef9)<\/option><option value='RO' >Romania<\/option><option value='RW' >Rwanda<\/option><option value='RE' >R\u00e9union<\/option><option value='BL' >Saint Barth\u00e9lemy<\/option><option value='SH' >Saint Helena<\/option><option value='KN' >Saint Kitts v\u00e0 Nevis<\/option><option value='LC' >Saint Lucia<\/option><option value='MF' >Saint Martin (thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p)<\/option><option value='PM' >Saint Pierre v\u00e0 Miquelon<\/option><option value='VC' >Saint Vincent v\u00e0 Grenadines<\/option><option value='WS' >Samoa<\/option><option value='AS' >Samoa thu\u1ed9c M\u1ef9<\/option><option value='SM' >San Marino<\/option><option value='ST' >Sao Tome v\u00e0 Principe<\/option><option value='SN' >Senegal<\/option><option value='RS' >Serbia<\/option><option value='SC' >Seychelles<\/option><option value='SL' >Sierra Leone<\/option><option value='SG' >Singapore<\/option><option value='SX' >Sint Maarten (thu\u1ed9c H\u00e0 Lan)<\/option><option value='SK' >Slovakia<\/option><option value='SI' >Slovenia<\/option><option value='SO' >Somalia<\/option><option value='LK' >Sri Lanka<\/option><option value='SD' >Sudan<\/option><option value='SR' >Suriname<\/option><option value='SJ' >Svalbard v\u00e0 Jan Mayen<\/option><option value='SY' >Syria<\/option><option value='CY' >S\u00edp<\/option><option value='TJ' >Tajikistan<\/option><option value='TZ' >Tanzania<\/option><option value='TH' >Th\u00e1i Lan<\/option><option value='TR' >Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3<\/option><option value='CH' >Th\u1ee5y S\u0129<\/option><option value='SE' >Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n<\/option><option value='TG' >Togo<\/option><option value='TK' >Tokelau<\/option><option value='TO' >Tonga<\/option><option value='TT' >Trinidad v\u00e0 Tobago<\/option><option value='KP' >Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean<\/option><option value='CN' >Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/option><option value='TN' >Tunisia<\/option><option value='TM' >Turkmenistan<\/option><option value='TV' >Tuvalu<\/option><option value='ES' >T\u00e2y Ban Nha<\/option><option value='EH' >T\u00e2y Sahara<\/option><option value='UG' >Uganda<\/option><option value='UA' >Ukraina<\/option><option value='UY' >Uruguay<\/option><option value='UZ' >Uzbekistan<\/option><option value='VU' >Vanuatu<\/option><option value='VA' >Vatican<\/option><option value='VE' >Venezuela<\/option><option value='VN' >Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/option><option value='GB' >V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh (Anh)<\/option><option value='WF' >Wallis v\u00e0 Futuna<\/option><option value='YE' >Yemen<\/option><option value='ZM' >Zambia<\/option><option value='ZW' >Zimbabwe<\/option><option value='AT' >\u00c1o<\/option><option value='AU' >\u00dac<\/option><option value='IT' >\u00dd<\/option><option value='DK' >\u0110an M\u1ea1ch<\/option><option value='TW' >\u0110\u00e0i Loan<\/option><option value='TL' >\u0110\u00f4ng Timor<\/option><option 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